Cryosphere glossary
thermograph
an instrument continuously recording temperature.
thermokarst
the process by which characteristic landforms result from the thawing of ice-rich permafrost or the melting of massive ice.
thermokarst lake
a lake occupying a closed depression formed by settlement of the ground following thawing of ice-rich permafrost or the melting of massive ice.
Image
Increased thawing of frozen ground could create more thermokarst features, like this lake.
Andrew Slater
thermokarst mound
a hummock remaining after melting of the ice wedges surrounding an ice-wedge polygon.
thermokarst terrain
the often irregular topography resulting from the melting of excess ground ice and subsequent thaw settlement.
thermometer
an instrument for measuring temperature; in meteorology, generally used to measure the temperature of the air or the soil.
thermosyphon
a passive heat transfer device installed to remove heat from the ground.
thomson crystal
a large ice crystal found in deep, stagnant water-filled cavities of a glacier.
thufur
perennial hummocks formed in either the active layer in permafrost areas, or in the seasonally frozen ground in non-permafrost areas, during freezing of the ground.
Image
These big lumps in the ground are called thufur. Thufur can form when the ground freezes and thaws. These thufur are in Iceland.
Reinhold Richter
tide crack
the fissure at the line of junction between an immovable icefoot or ice wall and fast ice, the latter being subject to the rise and fall of the tide.
tidewater glacier
mountain glacier that terminates in the ocean.
Image
Holgate Glacier, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska
timber line
(1) in mountainous regions, the line above which climatic conditions do not allow the upright growth of trees (2) the poleward limit of tree growth, also known as the tree line.
tongue
a projection of the ice edge up to several km in length caused by wind and current; usually forms when a valley glacier moves very quickly into a lake or ocean.
total annual freezing index
the cumulative number of degree-days, calculated by adding all the negative mean daily air temperatures (degrees Celsius) for a specific station during a calendar year.
total annual thawing index
the cumulative number of degree-days, calculated by adding all the positive mean daily air temperatures (degrees Celsius) for a specific station during a calendar year.
total water content (of frozen ground)
the total amount of water (unfrozen water plus ice) contained in soil or rock.
transient talik
a layer or body of unfrozen ground (in a permafrost area) that is gradually being eliminated by freezing.
tributary glacier
a small glacier that flows into a larger glacier.
Tropic of Cancer
the northern parallel of maximum solar declination, approximately 23° 27′ N latitude; the farthest northern latitude at which the sun can appear directly overhead, which occurs on the day of the summer solstice.
Tropic of Capricorn
the southern parallel of maximum solar declination, approximately 23° 27′ S latitude; the farthest southern latitude at which the sun can appear directly overhead, which occurs on the day of the summer solstice.